Rubella
(German Measles · 3-Day Measles · Three-Day Measles)
In this condition factsheet:
The Facts on Rubella
Rubella, also known as German measles or "three-day measles," is a contagious viral infection that brings on a rash as well as other symptoms. But many children have such mild symptoms that they're unaware of being infected. It's milder than measles and doesn't last as long.
Rubella is a significant health risk for pregnant people. If a pregnant person is infected with rubella, especially in the first trimester (1 to 3 months), they may miscarry or the fetus may suffer severe birth defects.
After a bout with rubella, a person has lifelong immunity. The disease used to be common, with epidemics sweeping across North America every 6 to 9 years. Major epidemics occurred at a frequency of every 30 years, with the last one recorded in 1964, affecting over 12 million people in the US.
The virus was first isolated in the laboratory in 1962 and a vaccine was made available in 1969. Since then, the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has cut the frequency of the disease dramatically in countries that include the vaccine in their immunization programs.
Causes of Rubella
Rubella is caused by a virus. It is spread in the same way as any viral cold - by tiny droplets produced from the nose and mouth. It's not as contagious as a cold or the measles, but it has a long incubation period (the time between getting infected with the virus and getting sick) that varies from 12 to 23 days. People who get the virus are infectious (can spread it to others) for up to 10 days before symptoms appear. People are most contagious a few days before the rash appears until 7 days after its onset.
Because rubella is rarer these days, an increasing number of adults have never been infected with the disease and therefore aren't immune unless they have been vaccinated.
Symptoms and Complications of Rubella
The main symptom of rubella is a red rash, usually starting on the head and neck. The rash doesn't appear until 14 to 21 days after infection, with most people developing their rash on day 17 or day 18 after exposure.
Some people experience a prodrome (warning symptoms), which appears as fever, swollen glands (particularly behind the ear), general aches, and fatigue. These symptoms last from 1 to 5 days before the rash appears and are more common in adults than in children. Once the rash appears, the fever resolves.
The rash usually consists of small red or pink spots that may be itchy. It tends to spread down the body, disappearing from the head as it reaches the trunk. It usually lasts about 3 to 5 days. Other possible symptoms include:
- cough
- low-grade fever
- headache
- mild conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
- runny nose
- swollen neck glands
Up to 50% of people infected with rubella have no symptoms at all. It's unknown how many rubella infections go unnoticed and unreported.
You're infectious from 10 days before the rash appears until about 2 weeks after it disappears. This means, of course, that people can transmit rubella before they know they have it.
The most common complication associated with rubella is the development of a mild form of arthritis that usually goes away on its own. It seems to be more common and more severe in adults and more common in women than men. As with many other viral infections, people can also get an ear infection, usually in children under 4 years old. There are rare but serious complications that can occur. One is bleeding due to low platelets (thrombocytopenia). Another rare complication is encephalitis (infection of the brain).
Another serious complication of rubella occurs when it infects pregnant people. There is a high risk of major birth defects or miscarriage if a person contracts rubella in the first 3 months of pregnancy. After 3 months, the risk begins to fall and it's almost unknown for a baby to have problems if the parent catches rubella after Week 20 of pregnancy. Problems observed in children born to infected parents include:
- bone marrow defects
- cataracts
- deafness
- slowed growth
- malformations of the heart
- developmental problems
